Pen or pencil Specify your topic, deadline, number of pages and other requirements. recovers after exercise. Don't know where to start? Better understand the current level of fitness to identify safe and effective workout intensities. Never disregard or delay professional medical advice in person because of anything on HealthTap. To increase the intensity, Whitney recommends adding a resistance band just above the knees or at the ankles, which activates the glutes. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we: We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness. Goal: See how quickly the heart rate As you get back into good aerobic shape, it will increase less. i'm 23 years old" Answered by Dr. Liawaty Ho: Out of shape: You need to start doing regular exercise- whatever you l. If you slow down the pace or stop altogether, your heart rate will steadily slow. How can I calculate how many calories Ill burn? How Long Can a Cough From Bronchitis Last? Your metabolism also plays a role in how many calories you can burn doing jumping jacks. My heart rate skyrockets when i exercise. . << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 2052 >> Keep your knees slightly bent. stream For example, if you are 30 years old, your maximum heart rate would be 190 bpm. Your target heart rate varies depending on your age and health, but the American Heart Association advises that a 30-year-old should shoot for 95 to 162 beats per minute, while a. Which exercise increased your heart rate the most? Chat with professional writers to choose the paper writer that suits you best. When you exercise, heat is the byproduct of all of the excess energy you're creating, so your body temperature tends to rise. Continuous jumping results in the decline of a beat per minute. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Heres our process. (2017). Medications, a lack of sleep, and . See answer Advertisement nadahomework Unfortunately, I can not tell you that. Learn how we can help As you jump, spread your legs apart while raising your arms to the side and up over your head. Describe an addiction to medications or drugs. To find your target heart rate, first calculate your maximum heart rate by subtracting your age from 220. After 15 minutes, you may have reached the middle of your target heart rate zone. How does their heart rate compare to yours? Genetic variation does not benefit organisms in their environment. The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends doing exercise that increases a person's heart rate to between 50 to 85 percent of their maximum heart rate. How does the Unemployment Rate Effect the Economy? You can order an original essay written according to your instructions. Make sure you are doing jumping jacks correctly, with knowledge on how to do it safelyResultsThe following are the results for the males who participated in the exercise. By using our website, you consent to our use of cookies. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) reports that aerobic exerciseexercise that gets your heart rate up, such as brisk walking, swimming, or bikingcan lower blood pressure by 5 to 7 mmHg in those with hypertension. We include products we think are useful for our readers. endobj Zone 2: 60 to 70 percent of maximum heart rate. . But by how much, for how long and how often should your heart rate be elevated? Calculate your heart rate after one, two, five, 10 and 15 minutes of exercise by multiplying the number of beats you counted (in 10 seconds) by six. Share your jumping heart rate observations and results! Take that number and multiply it by your weight in kilograms. Why is the application and integration of interdisciplinary theories by advanced practice nurses problematic for the discipline from a philosophical standpoint? Notice your breathing. While at rest, you can expect to burn approximately one calorie for every 2.2 pounds of weight per hour. Our first test subject had 74 BPM before the test and 89 BPM after. Increased blood flow to the skin can help cool your body as you sweat. Jumping jacks are a form of aerobic exercise. It is obvious that the breathing rate is directly proportional to heart rate and both should amalgamate during exercise to prevent illness (Haldane, 2013). Goal: See how many push-ups can be completed without compensation, Setup: Start in a proper push-up position (all kinetic chain checkpoints in alignment) and place on object (i.e. Exercise that is good for your heart should elevate your heart rate. Discover world-changing science. ( 140bpm) ? Clock or timer that shows seconds or a helper with a watch How (and Why) to Add Plank Jacks to Your Workout, 8 Weight-Free Exercises to Tone Your Arms, 10 Lower Ab Exercises to Add to Your Fitness Routine, 10 Best Massage Guns for 2023 and How to Use Them. 79/31 10. 72/34 2. In adults, a typical resting heart rate is 60-100 beats per minute, but structural or electrical disorders of the heart can cause it to rise or fall. After 3 minutes of jumping jacks what will the heart rate be? Our writers will help you fix any mistakes and get an A+! Better understand body strength in order to determine appropriate training intensities. Will walking/jumping jacks & more sleep get my normal heart rate back? Educational text answers on HealthTap are not intended for individual diagnosis, treatment or prescription. Background Move your fingers down your neck slowly until you feel your pulse! After completion of jumping jacks, determine your heart rate (ppm) c. Collect data (pulse per minute) from the other students in the class. Whether you're stuck inside on a rainy day or simply looking to avoid the gym, jumping jacks are an easy option for an equipment-free workout. Who do you think will have a smaller increase in heart rate? The ideal rate continues to decrease as you age. What are some ways you and your friends and family can get more physical activity every day? I checked it again immediately after and it was at 170, 30 seconds later it was 150 and about 5 minutes later it had gone down to about 109. Note that certain . Background As you progress, add 10 seconds at a time. The average resting heart rate was 53.33bpm whereas the average heart rate after jumping jacks was 113.33bpm. Choose at least two different exercises. Cardiovascular exercise is an essential component of any weight loss program. x\#7}Ws`4_ lxIv!l[I c[T. Remember that when you are exercising, heat is usually the by-product of the reactions taking place. Burning 1,000 calories a day can mean different things. on page 3 and 4 of the digital lab manual. How Does Regular Exercise Promote Good Circulation? The heart rate was measured first followed by blood pressure. All the process named above will result to an increase at which the heart is beating. Takeaway. Materials When the rate of heart beat is higher that then the expected normal, then there are high chances that you will get ill. From the experiment above we are able to deduce that it takes about four-minute, for the heart rate to return to normal. xcbdg`b`8 $D@BHVHYXHL !9Rg`be` $1d If you're hoping to burn some calories, a rapid heart rate is a surefire sign that your body is working hard. Scrap piece of paper We will do 25 jumping jacks then test our heart rate using a blood pressure sensor. Average Maximum Heart Rate, 100%. However our other test subject had 126 BPM before the test and 171 BPM after. Observations and results Cut to the Heart, from NOVA and PBS Practice finding your pulse until you can do it quickly. More to explore I'm Amy, The Amazing Circulatory System: How Does My Heart Work? How to Eat a Low-Calorie Diet Without Losing Energy, American Heart Association: Target Heart Rates, PTDirect: The Heart's Response to Exercise. Target Heart Rates, from the American Heart Association Genetic variation occurs because both parents give the exact same genes to their offspring. All of that work makes your body lose water through sweatas well as moisture that is exhaled when you're breathing quickly. The average heart rate after jumping jacks was 113.33bpm and 90bpm in trial 2, causing it to be 60pm higher that the average resting heart rate in the first trial. Calculate your heart rate after one, two, five, 10 and 15 minutes of exercise by multiplying the number of beats you counted (in 10 seconds) by six. newborn infants: 100 to 160 beats per minute children 1 to 10 years: 70 to 120 beats per minute children over 10 and adults (including seniors): 60 to 100 beats per minute Athletes can have. How do the number of beats you count change over time? The average heart rate after jumping jacks was 113.33bpm and 90bpm in trial 2, causing it to be 60pm higher that the average resting heart rate in the first trial. << /Linearized 1 /L 60260 /H [ 799 162 ] /O 10 /E 55435 /N 3 /T 59964 >> Materials We avoid using tertiary references. Exercise Set a goal of doing 15 minutes of jumping jacks five days a week. Leave enough time between the exercises so that your heart rate returns to around its normal resting level (this should only take a few minutes). Fast irregular heartbeat feels like jerking & I lost my sleep pattern. The primary areas of performance assessment are Cardiorespiratory Assessments (Cardio), Muscular Endurance (Endurance), and Muscular Strength (Strength). Target heart rate during moderate intensity activities is about 50-70% of maximum heart rate, while during vigorous physical activity it's about 70-85% of maximum. 58/26 7. "Target Heart Rate for Children" table from Horizon and Blue Cross Blue Shield After you exercise, try seeing how long it takes for your heart rate to return to its resting rate. Give us your paper requirements, choose a writer and well deliver the highest-quality essay! 78 to 132 beats per minute. Out of shape: You need to start doing regular exercise - whatever you like-- walking, running, swimming, aerobics etc- at least 30 minutes a day. To do this, take the pulse (after several minutes of resting) and multiply the number of beats you count in 10 seconds by six . All rights reserved. your personal assistant! The Effects Of Temperature On Heart Rate And Strength Of Contraction 2152 Words | 9 Pages. For example, our data showed an average increase of 85.5% in the test subject's heart rate from resting to 15 seconds of running, (82.75 bpm to 153.5 bpm). What's in Your Wiener? An athlete or more active person may have a resting heart rate as low as 40 beats per minute. by John Burstein, ages 912, What you'll need an organism's DNA leading to a variety of traits. How did your heart rate (in bpm) change over time? Do you think the activities will affect your heart rate differently? Take a look at the results you wrote down for this activity. (2018). 230 likes, 22 comments - Amy | Houston Mom & runDisney Creator (@amysbalancingact) on Instagram: "About 8 years ago, I suffered from heat exhaustion after a summer . Extra: Try this activity again but vary the intensity of your exercise. Ernst, G. (2016). 75 to 115 bpm. Make sure your essay is plagiarism-free or hire a writer to get a unique paper crafted to your needs. Extra: Try this activity again but test different physical exercises. Read our Peloton Tread review to learn about our experience. After 10 jumping jacks my heart rate jumps from 90 to 125. could this mean something is wrong? So, getting out of breath while exercising is just a sign that your muscles are working. Do you notice any consistent patterns in your results? Athletes in top condition. Start this activity well rested (sitting down to read for 15 minutes or so should do the trick). As your muscles work harder, they need more oxygen-rich blood to keep functioning, so your heart rate increases in response to your workload. To do this, take your pulse when you have been resting and multiply the number of beats you count in 10 seconds by six. 56/23 3. The aim of this experiment was to find out whether the breathing rate and heart rate are affected by exercise. 150 beats per minute. To figure out your target heart rate range, do the. Write it on a scrap piece of paper. 67/19 4. Choose which exercise you want to do first. Heart health experts say that the best ways to keep our hearts healthy is through a balanced diet, avoiding smoking and regular exercise. (up,up,down,down) for 3 minutes, When the test is finsished count Is it normal for a heart rate to jump 30 BPM from laying down to sitting up? Observations and results endobj Stopwatch or timer with a second hand Remember to avoid holding your breath. After just a minute of exercise, did you see your heart rate reach its target heart rate zone? Focus on breathing in through your nose and exhaling slowly through your mouth. This enables your lungs to quickly supply oxygen to your blood and helps you expel the excess CO2 you create during a rigorous routine. Explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 Nobel Prize winners. Can E. Coli & Salmonella Poisoning Affect Your Kidneys? 2023 PapersOwl.com - All rights reserved. See what massage guns our team has picked to help you recover well after your next workout. Eric Sampsell, PT, ATC, CMP, Cert. What do you think is affecting. Multiply this number by four to find out the number of beats per minute. A dangerous heart rate is likely to be associated . Effect of Exercise on the Rate of Respiration and the Heart Rate. 75 to 128 beats per minute. Explain how a person can transition from experimentation to addiction , what does it mean to be addicte You can also reach out to the National Eating Disorders Association at 1-800-931-2237. There are several factors that determine the number of calories you can burn when doing jumping jacks. Our claim states that running will generate a more increased heart rate than jumping jacks. average heart rate after jumping jacks for 1 minute. Also, it will ensure that there is an increase of food being burned to produce Adenosine Triphosphate (which will be utilized by the muscle). How does your heart rate change with body position? Read on for observations, results and more resources. When you are exercising, your muscles need extra oxygensome three times as much as resting muscles. Create your free account or Sign in to continue. That oxygen is carried through your body in the bloodstream. Do 20 jumping jacks (or as many as it takes to get out of breath). Practice finding your pulse. Jumping jacks might seem like a basic exercise, but they offer some serious benefits, including boosting your cardiovascular system and toning your muscles. 20 years. Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in less than one minute for common issues such as: colds and coughs, stomach symptoms, bladder infections, rashes, and more. of jumps at the start of the experiment For Kevin, Brian, and Enoch respectively. Compulsive exercise: Links, risks and challenges faced. You will be measuring your heart rate during different types of physical exercises over a period of 15 minutes. Are Zombie Bees Infiltrating Your Neighborhood. 40 to 60 . Comfortable exercise clothes (optional) for 3 minutes keeping a consistent pace. How did your heart rate change over time for this exercise? Count the number of beats for 10 seconds and multiply by 6 to determine beats per minute (bpm). If you feel pain or discomfort while performing jumping jacks, stop the exercise and talk to an expert about alternatives. Please note, we cannot prescribe controlled substances, diet pills, antipsychotics, or other commonly abused medications. 54/27 6. But sustained energy is better gained from foods that are harder to break down, such as lean protein and whole grains. But don't get moving just yet; first we need to count your resting heart rate. Doing aerobic exercises on a regular basis can boost your mood, strengthen your heart, help with weight loss and decrease your risk of developing many chronic diseases. It depends. Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/examples/effect-of-exercise-on-the-rate-of-respiration-and-the-heart-rate/. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Make sure you have room enough for jumping jacks, and keep that stopwatch handy. More to explore Why does my heart rate randomly jump ? Effect of exercise on the rate of respiration and the heart rate. << /Contents 11 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Parent 28 0 R /Resources << /ExtGState << /G3 22 0 R /G7 26 0 R >> /Font << /F4 23 0 R /F5 24 0 R /F6 25 0 R /F8 27 0 R >> /ProcSets [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] >> /StructParents 0 /Type /Page >> Once you have created your hypothesis, read, On the lab report, fill in the blanks for your dependent, or recording. increase at which heart beats is directly proportional to the rate at which one inhales oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. These two changes are not coincidentalthey are both important, and natural, reactions of your cardiovascular system to exercise. Directions: 1. General physical activities defined by level of intensity. McCall P. (2017). Consequently, your heart rate and rate of respiration tend to feed off of each other, with your heart rate increasing in response to your rate of respiration. Goal: See how long it takes to complete a 1 mile run, Setup: Perform on a track or treadmill with the incline set to 1%, Goal: See how long it takes to complete a 500 meter row, Setup: Use a row machine and proper posture pushing out fully with the legs and then pulling with the arms. We also need food for fuel. Perform 96 steps per minute (up,up,down,down) for 3 minutes When the test is finsished count the pulse for one full minute Enter the pulse 1 Minute Jumping Jacks Goal: See how many jumping jacks can be completed in 1 minute Setup: Start with good posture, feet together and hands at the sides. Question 7 options: Thinking for the sake of thinking. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Health "Does Exercise Really Make You Healthier?" Jumping jacks can be done anywhere with no equipment needed. Then you can increase it gradually. Let's track your heart kicking it into high gear during exercise. This type of exercise immediately boosts your heart rate, increases oxygen flow and burns calories. Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription. The Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate Concentration on the Net Rate of Photosynthesis, Photosynthesis Vs. Cellular Respiration the Major Processess in a Global Balance, Effects of Mindfulness on Heart Rate and Anxiety. i'm 23 years old. The more you exercise, the more efficient your body will be at getting oxygen to your muscles, so you can exercise more without getting out of breath. endobj The average resting heart rate was 53.33bpm whereas the average heart rate after jumping jacks was 113.33bpm. Moderate activity usually comes in around 3 to 6 METs, while vigorous activities are those . During aerobic activity such as jumping jacks, its important to breathe deeply. and remember the pulse, Perform 96 steps per minute Place of publication not identified: Springer London Ltd. When you exercise, do you notice that you get out of breath? Life Expectancy With Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension. Why Do Cigarettes Sometimes Cause Stomachaches? Hot Dog Ingredients Explained, The Puzzle of Pancreatic Cancer: How Steve Jobs Did Not Beat the Oddsbut Nobel Winner Ralph Steinman Did. Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in a minute. Exercise is good for your body and soul. 60-100 bpm but increases greatly due to exercise. Thanks for reading Scientific American. endstream It is important to note that jumping jacks its an example of cardiovascular exercise and therefore it demands to a continuous supply of oxygen. The Effects of Jumping Jacks on the Pulse Rate, MayoClinic.com: Exercise Intensity: Why it Matters, How it's Measured, Fitness Magazine: Kristin Davis's Total-Body Toning Routine, Women's Health: Exercise Tips: Keep Breathing. Measure your resting heart rate, which is your heart rate when you are awake but relaxed, such as when you have been lying still for several minutes. (You should have already saved it onto your computer. After 1 minute of jumping jacks what will the heart rate going to be? 2023 Healthline Media LLC. Elizabeth Peterson has been a reporter since 2005, working in television, radio and online. You can also try doing a full-body burpee after every five jumping jacks. Today i did jumping jacks for only a minute and my rate was at 180. 65 years. This need means that your heart starts pumping faster, which makes for a quicker pulse. DOI: Mayo Clinic Staff. Should I be worried if my heart rate jumps from normal (70bpm) to feeling like my heart wants to jump out of my chest. Be sure to consult your doctor if you have any conditions that could affect your heart rate. After 2 minutes of jupming jacks what will the heart rate be? Things like swimming, HIIT workouts. What factors do you think explain why people misuse or abuse medications, despite the negative consequences? . How many breaths did you take in a minute after the jumping jacks? If you have any lower body injuries or youre prone to chronic pain in your knees or ankles, check with your healthcare provider or physical therapist about best practices. How does their change in heart rate while exercising compare to how yours changed? To reach the upper end, people usually need to do a moderately intense exercise for a longer amount of time (such as for 30 minutes). How Many Calories Do You Burn While Walking? If you want a unique paper, order it from our professional writers. Try other activities and see how they affect your heart rate and breathing. Start with your arms at your sides and feet together. Introduction Get prescriptions or refills through a video chat, if the doctor feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate. Get answers from Cardiologists and top U.S. doctors, Our doctors evaluate, diagnose, prescribe, order lab tests, and recommend follow-up care. The breathing rate and heart rates may be higher for males since they tend to have a bigger body structure and require more energy. Be careful, this sample is accessible to everyone. Do 20 jumping jacks (or as many as it takes to get out of breath). He is the recipient of numerous writing awards, including a 2009 CALI Legal Writing Award. This is the minimum number of beats your heart should be beating per minute when you are exercising at a moderate level. %PDF-1.5 Your target heart rate varies depending on your age and health, but the American Heart Association advises that a 30-year-old should shoot for 95 to 162 beats per minute, while a 40-year-old should limit herself to 90 to 153 beats per minute. Here's how to estimate it. As one exercise more, ones body adapts to the system thus does not require much breathing like in the start of the jumping jacks, For example, people like Kevin is used in exercising, that is why he does not require to breathe at a higher rate, unlike Brian. So, for a 40-year-old person, it'd be 220 - 40 = 180 bpm. When concerning sit-ups and running in place, jumping jacks are more effective at increasing the heart rate. Doctors typically provide answers within 24 hours. The dependent variable is your data. Give me your paper requirements and I connect you to an academic expert. To determine how many calories youll burn per minute: Your result will be the number of calories you burn per minute. Inhale deeply through your nose and exhale through your mouth. Extra: Repeat this activity with other healthy volunteers. What about feeling your heart rateyour pulseincreasing? Healthline only shows you brands and products that we stand behind. Unfortunately, I can not tell you that. of jumps at the third minute, This example was written and submitted by a fellow student. Perform a low number of jumping jacks at a fast pace. In general, you can do this by taking in 500 fewer calories every day and increasing your physical activity. In addition to increasing your heart rate and improving muscular strength and endurance, jumping jacks are also a fantastic way to burn calories. See additional information. All you need is a few feet of space and a little motivation. 75/23 8. % That's your resting heart rate: the number of times your heart beats every minute when you are not moving much. Better understand local muscular endurance. When someone is fit this will lower the rate of respiration and heart beat since they are used to the conditions. The Amazing Circulatory System: How Does My Heart Work? According to MyFitnessPal, jumping jacks can burn about eight calories per minute for a person weighing 120 pounds and up to 16 calories per minute for someone weighing 250 pounds. Also, their heart rate always returns to normal faster after physical activity, We can surely deduce that when one increases the number of jumping jacks, there will be a correspondence increase in heartbeat until it arrives at an optimal rate. What does that mean about how much oxygen each one requiresand how much your muscles are moving? (Haldane, 2013), Moreover, jumping jacks requires muscle to be supplied with blood rich in oxygen since it is an example of aerobic respiration. As the muscle continues to work hard, the blood need to supply oxygen continually so that food can be oxidized. endstream Goal: See how many jumping jacks can be completed in 1 minute. Measure your or your volunteer's resting heart rate. Peloton Treadmill Review: Is It Worth the Price? MDT, a physical therapist for The Centers for Advanced Orthopaedics, recommends going through the move slowly with a step instead of a jump. Have you ever wondered how many times your heart beats in a day, a month, a yearor will beat in total throughout your life? Jump again and bring your legs together and arms down in one single motion. From your brain down to your fingers and toes, your body needs plenty of oxygen to keep going. 70 to 110 bpm. In summary, the amount of calories a 198-pound man burns doing jumping jacks is: 180 calories for a 15-minute workout of 900 jumping jacks. Perform the first exercise for 15 minutes. Plank jacks are a combined cardiovascular and strength-building exercise that can help you boost core and upper body strength. Thus there will an increase in body temperature of the people in the case study above. We'll discuss different factors to consider. I did about 40 jumping jacks took a 2 minute breather then ran down stairs and did 45 more, then took my heart rate and it was between 190-200bpm - the jumping jacks took maybe1 minute each time. stream Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription. If you did a more strenuous exercisehula-hooping, for exampleyou may have seen a higher initial bump in your heart rate (such as reaching the middle of your target heart rate zone after just one minute of exercise), and then your heart rate stayed about the same for the remaining 14 minutes of exercise. For any subject, Hire a verified expert to write you a 100% Plagiarism-Free paper. One MET is the energy it takes to sit quietly. 52/29 5. The heart rate was around 70% of my max. (If you want to make a homemade hula-hoop, steps for doing this are given in the activity Swiveling Science: Applying Physics to Hula-Hooping .) Even then, youll still need to do a good number of jumping jacks. How many calories do you burn on an elliptical in 30 minutes? We can conclude that both the amalgamation of amplified demand from both the muscle and the skin allows the heart to pump blood at a faster rate, hence increased supply of blood in both organs (Ernst, 2016). Moderate activity usually comes in around 3 to 6 METs, while vigorous activities are those that burn more than 6 METs. Content on HealthTap (including answers) should not be used for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, and interactions on HealthTap do not create a doctor-patient relationship. While you do this, write down the number of beats you count in 10 seconds after one, two, five, 10 and 15 minutes of activity. Procedure Heart Health: How Does Heart Rate Change with Exercise. To get a custom and plagiarism-free essay. Can you find your pulse? In the fourth minute, there is the stabilization of the beat per minute compared to the resting beat per minute. Generally, a lower heart rate at rest implies more efficient heart function and better cardiovascular fitness. full body workout that also add cardio bursts of intensity, increase the heart rate needed to accelerate weight loss. (2019, May 27). The WHOOP 4.0 is a fitness tracker gone viral. Trusted by over 1 million students worldwide. Volunteer Requirements. endobj According to the Mayo Clinic, you need to burn about 3,500 calories to lose one pound of fat. Over an average lifetime, the human heart beats more than 2.5 billion times. What Would Cause the Small Intestine Not to Absorb Iron. People who exercise regularly can do so longer without getting out of breath as quickly. from Scientific American That lower blood pressure occurs shortly after exercise and can last a full 24 hours afterward. But too much can have adverse consequences that may lead to overuse injuries, stress, anxiety, or depression. Hi! I'm 23 years old. The movement involved in jumping jacks is particularly good for strengthening muscles in your lower body, including your: Your upper body, including your back, shoulders, and core, will also benefit. Life's Simple 7Get Active, from the American Heart Association You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. You can find countless MET tables, like this one, online. Heart rate To calculate yourheart rate after exercise,do jumping jacks for 1 minute (time yourself to ensure it is for the entire time). What is your resting heart rate? Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations.
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